Imam Hussein UniversitySecurity Horizons2538-1857176220240420Analyzing The Meaning and Concept of Terror and Terrorism Based on the Intellectual System Imam Khamenei " His Shadow Is Permanent" by the Method of Theme AnalysisAnalyzing The Meaning and Concept of Terror and Terrorism Based on the Intellectual System Imam Khamenei " His Shadow Is Permanent" by the Method of Theme Analysis1143208993FAMohsen AbedidorcheAssistant Professor of Imam Hossein " peace be upon him" Officer Training and Guards University0000-0003-3343-6225Javad EstekiAssistant Professor of Imam Hossein " peace be upon him" Officer Training and Guards UniversityJournal Article20230725In This Research, The Intellectual System of Imam Khamenei "His Shadow Is Permanent" Has Been Investigated Regarding the Subject of "Terror and Terrorism". Terrorist Actions and Activities in the West Asian Region and the Islamic Republic of Iran After the Victory of the Islamic Revolution Highlight the Importance of Dealing With Such an Issue. The Void in the Field of Processing to Her Thought System in this Matter Motivated the Researchers to Conduct Such Research. For This Purpose and to Discover Themes and Categories, one of the Best Methods is to Explore the Text of the Statements, Using the Method of Theme Analysis, Using the Two Combined Approaches of Brown and Clark and Atride -Stirling. Coding of the key, Obvious, Hidden and Repetitive Themes of Statements Was Done in MAXQDA18 Analytical Software. A Number of 1092 Codes Were Extracted in the Form of 131 Basic Themes and 9 Organizing Themes. From His Point of View, European Countries, America, Israel, Reactionary in the Region; the Agent, Supporter and Driver of Terrorism and Insecurity as Well as Gangs, Evildoers and Hypocrites; Their Infantry Were Known in the Region of West Asia and the Islamic Republic of Iran. The Origin of the Creation, Survival and Continuation of the Existence of the Occupation Regime of Al-Quds Is Terrorist Operations. If the Arrogant Falsely Accuse Iran of Terrorism and Supporting it. From Her Point of View, Fighting and Confronting Terrorism Is a Common Duty Led by the Resistance Front in the Region.In This Research, The Intellectual System of Imam Khamenei "His Shadow Is Permanent" Has Been Investigated Regarding the Subject of "Terror and Terrorism". Terrorist Actions and Activities in the West Asian Region and the Islamic Republic of Iran After the Victory of the Islamic Revolution Highlight the Importance of Dealing With Such an Issue. The Void in the Field of Processing to Her Thought System in this Matter Motivated the Researchers to Conduct Such Research. For This Purpose and to Discover Themes and Categories, one of the Best Methods is to Explore the Text of the Statements, Using the Method of Theme Analysis, Using the Two Combined Approaches of Brown and Clark and Atride -Stirling. Coding of the key, Obvious, Hidden and Repetitive Themes of Statements Was Done in MAXQDA18 Analytical Software. A Number of 1092 Codes Were Extracted in the Form of 131 Basic Themes and 9 Organizing Themes. From His Point of View, European Countries, America, Israel, Reactionary in the Region; the Agent, Supporter and Driver of Terrorism and Insecurity as Well as Gangs, Evildoers and Hypocrites; Their Infantry Were Known in the Region of West Asia and the Islamic Republic of Iran. The Origin of the Creation, Survival and Continuation of the Existence of the Occupation Regime of Al-Quds Is Terrorist Operations. If the Arrogant Falsely Accuse Iran of Terrorism and Supporting it. From Her Point of View, Fighting and Confronting Terrorism Is a Common Duty Led by the Resistance Front in the Region.https://ps.ihu.ac.ir/article_208993_1052c7c6b7925207e2880ed5058c00bb.pdfImam Hussein UniversitySecurity Horizons2538-1857176220240420Middle East Regional Order focusing on Iran-Saudi relations; Describing the past, explaining the present and predicting the futureMiddle East Regional Order focusing on Iran-Saudi relations; Describing the past, explaining the present and predicting the future4564208994FAAmin MoeiniPhD in Political Science/Tehran UniversityEbrahim Mottaghiuniversity of tehranJournal Article20220715The upcoming research describes the past, explains the present and outlines the future of the security structure of the Middle East with an innovative approach and focusing on the patterns of conflict and cooperation between Iran and Saudi Arabia. Obviously, the main question of the research is, what effect has the regional rivalry between Iran and Saudi Arabia had on the security structure of the Middle East and how is the future of this structure affected by the rivalry between the two countries? The hypothesis that is proposed in the framework of the "Copenhagen Security School" and thinkers such as "Barry Buzan" and "Oli Weaver" in response to this question considers regional conflict and cooperation patterns as an important factor in the formation and evolution of the regional security structure. It seeks to prove the proposition that the conflict between Iran and Saudi Arabia has had a significant impact on regional security and is considered one of the main drivers of the new order in the Middle East. The research method is qualitative analysis using the process tracing method. The dependent variable of the research is the security structure of the Middle East and the independent variable is the patterns of conflict and cooperation between Iran and Saudi Arabia in certain historical periods. Therefore, the research method is focused on the causal sequence of events that have shaped the patterns of relations between the two countries and are naturally effective on the security structure of the Middle East.The upcoming research describes the past, explains the present and outlines the future of the security structure of the Middle East with an innovative approach and focusing on the patterns of conflict and cooperation between Iran and Saudi Arabia. Obviously, the main question of the research is, what effect has the regional rivalry between Iran and Saudi Arabia had on the security structure of the Middle East and how is the future of this structure affected by the rivalry between the two countries? The hypothesis that is proposed in the framework of the "Copenhagen Security School" and thinkers such as "Barry Buzan" and "Oli Weaver" in response to this question considers regional conflict and cooperation patterns as an important factor in the formation and evolution of the regional security structure. It seeks to prove the proposition that the conflict between Iran and Saudi Arabia has had a significant impact on regional security and is considered one of the main drivers of the new order in the Middle East. The research method is qualitative analysis using the process tracing method. The dependent variable of the research is the security structure of the Middle East and the independent variable is the patterns of conflict and cooperation between Iran and Saudi Arabia in certain historical periods. Therefore, the research method is focused on the causal sequence of events that have shaped the patterns of relations between the two countries and are naturally effective on the security structure of the Middle East.https://ps.ihu.ac.ir/article_208994_cf5f63abab6ff86d85f84974f060424c.pdfImam Hussein UniversitySecurity Horizons2538-1857176220240420The legacy of two decades of American presence in Afghanistan:
The heavy costs of the people of Afghanistan and the regionThe legacy of two decades of American presence in Afghanistan:
The heavy costs of the people of Afghanistan and the region6591208995FABahador Aminian0000-0001-8223-3358Journal Article20231118America's strategies in the realization of the new world order at the beginning of the 21st century have had long-lasting and destructive effects, especially for Muslim countries. America started its plan to realize its global hegemonic structure by attacking and occupation of Afghanistan. Like the superpowers before it that occupied Afghanistan,America also did not have a detailed understanding of the people and conditions of Afghanistan and the fluid and complex relations of power in Afghanistan. America tried to mobilize its allies, including NATO and some countries in the region, and by relying on military power, Take control of this geostrategic region.<br />The control of this bridgehead could provide the United States with an effective pressure lever to influence developments in Central Asia, the Middle East, and South Asia, and also put pressure on the main competitors, especially Russia, China, and the Islamic Republic of Iran. But things went in a different direction.America's strategies in the realization of the new world order at the beginning of the 21st century have had long-lasting and destructive effects, especially for Muslim countries. America started its plan to realize its global hegemonic structure by attacking and occupation of Afghanistan. Like the superpowers before it that occupied Afghanistan,America also did not have a detailed understanding of the people and conditions of Afghanistan and the fluid and complex relations of power in Afghanistan. America tried to mobilize its allies, including NATO and some countries in the region, and by relying on military power, Take control of this geostrategic region.<br />The control of this bridgehead could provide the United States with an effective pressure lever to influence developments in Central Asia, the Middle East, and South Asia, and also put pressure on the main competitors, especially Russia, China, and the Islamic Republic of Iran. But things went in a different direction.https://ps.ihu.ac.ir/article_208995_4b123c33da3cb17ecb3187e595c315b0.pdfImam Hussein UniversitySecurity Horizons2538-1857176220240420Factors Affecting Syria and the Islamic Republic of Iran's Strategic Alliance in the 1980sFactors Affecting Syria and the Islamic Republic of Iran's Strategic Alliance in the 1980s93136208996FAMohsen BagheriCorresponding Author: PhD student in International Relations from University of Isfahan , Isfahan, Iran0000-0001-5105-1949Mohammad Ali BasiriAssociate Professor of International Relations, Political Science Department, University of Isfahan , Isfahan, Iran0000-0001-5186-0682Enayatollah YazdaniProfessor of International Relations, Political Science Department, University of Isfahan , Isfahan, Iran0000-0001-8087-3431Journal Article20230514One of the most significant, uncommon, and enduring alliances in Middle Eastern politics and security over the last few decades has been that between Iran and Syria. This alliance, which was formed at the beginning of the 1980s and was one of the external effects of the Islamic Revolution's victory, was brought about by changes to other regional alliances and alignments. Despite numerous analyses, it did not collapse quickly; rather, it was strengthened and extended, not only to Syria and Iran but also to Lebanon, Palestine, and other areas of the region, ultimately leading to the formation of the Resistance Axis. This paper aims to address this question: What factors and components influenced the formation and strengthening of the Iranian-Syrian alliance in the 1980s? The paper's hypothesis is that the material and semantic contexts that created the model of friendship and cooperation, as well as close security interaction between Iran and Syria, formed and strengthened their alliance in the 1980s, countering common threats and securing common interests. Examining the issue with the use of regional security complex theory, the analytical-descriptive method, and library and internet sources shows that the most important security considerations (physical and semantic) and the components that shaped and strengthened the alliance between Iran and Syria have consisted of: the existence of common identity, ideological and strategic platforms and fields, and common interests and threats resulting from it at the regional level. As for the regional security complex theory, the analytical-descriptive method, and library and internet sources indicates that the most important security considerations (physical and semantic) and the components that shaped and strengthened the alliance between Iran and Syria have consisted of: the existence of common identity, ideological and strategic platforms and fields, and common interests and threats resulting from it at the regional level, Common perception of the Zionist regime's threat in the region, the existence of revisionist ideologies, and ideological commonalities in opposition to America and conflict with the Zionist regime, Iran and Syria's confrontation with security threat from Iraq and confronting its supremacy, Syria's support of Iran during Iraq's war, the role of ideological religious communities, the efforts of the two countries of Iran and Syria to gain religious legitimacy at the external levels, and to secure the interests of Iran and Syria in the form of unity in the Arab world.One of the most significant, uncommon, and enduring alliances in Middle Eastern politics and security over the last few decades has been that between Iran and Syria. This alliance, which was formed at the beginning of the 1980s and was one of the external effects of the Islamic Revolution's victory, was brought about by changes to other regional alliances and alignments. Despite numerous analyses, it did not collapse quickly; rather, it was strengthened and extended, not only to Syria and Iran but also to Lebanon, Palestine, and other areas of the region, ultimately leading to the formation of the Resistance Axis. This paper aims to address this question: What factors and components influenced the formation and strengthening of the Iranian-Syrian alliance in the 1980s? The paper's hypothesis is that the material and semantic contexts that created the model of friendship and cooperation, as well as close security interaction between Iran and Syria, formed and strengthened their alliance in the 1980s, countering common threats and securing common interests. Examining the issue with the use of regional security complex theory, the analytical-descriptive method, and library and internet sources shows that the most important security considerations (physical and semantic) and the components that shaped and strengthened the alliance between Iran and Syria have consisted of: the existence of common identity, ideological and strategic platforms and fields, and common interests and threats resulting from it at the regional level. As for the regional security complex theory, the analytical-descriptive method, and library and internet sources indicates that the most important security considerations (physical and semantic) and the components that shaped and strengthened the alliance between Iran and Syria have consisted of: the existence of common identity, ideological and strategic platforms and fields, and common interests and threats resulting from it at the regional level, Common perception of the Zionist regime's threat in the region, the existence of revisionist ideologies, and ideological commonalities in opposition to America and conflict with the Zionist regime, Iran and Syria's confrontation with security threat from Iraq and confronting its supremacy, Syria's support of Iran during Iraq's war, the role of ideological religious communities, the efforts of the two countries of Iran and Syria to gain religious legitimacy at the external levels, and to secure the interests of Iran and Syria in the form of unity in the Arab world.https://ps.ihu.ac.ir/article_208996_ecefc59dfe0b389c1c14e20216d6c03f.pdfImam Hussein UniversitySecurity Horizons2538-1857176220240420Investigating the origins and consequences of separatism in the United States of AmericaInvestigating the origins and consequences of separatism in the United States of America137168208997FAAhmad ZareanAssistant Professor, Institute of International Studies, Imam Hossein University, Tehran, Iran.0000-0001-6832-5248Journal Article20230710The United States of America has been struggling with the problem of separatism since its founding. For example, the American Civil War (1861 to 1865) was the result of the secession of 11 southern states of America, which did not end with the defeat of the southern states by the northern states. With the defeat of the southern states in the civil war, the secessionist tendencies did not end and there are still strong secessionist tendencies and numerous secessionist movements are active. Considering the importance of separatism in America and the national and international effects of this phenomenon, this article has determined its research goal to investigate the origins and consequences of separatism in America. In order to achieve this goal, the data collected using library resources have been examined and analyzed using the descriptive-analytical method. The results of the article show that inequality, discrimination, harassment, feeling of deprivation and exploitation of resources are the biggest drivers of separatist movements in America. Although the existing trends and conditions show that the separation of a state from the Union is far from reach, but in the case of the separation of important states such as California or Texas or the division of the United States into several countries, important challenges and issues such as how to determine the fate of strategic military bases, equipment and weapons Like nuclear weapons, the end of America's superpower and the fundamental change of the international order will emerge.The United States of America has been struggling with the problem of separatism since its founding. For example, the American Civil War (1861 to 1865) was the result of the secession of 11 southern states of America, which did not end with the defeat of the southern states by the northern states. With the defeat of the southern states in the civil war, the secessionist tendencies did not end and there are still strong secessionist tendencies and numerous secessionist movements are active. Considering the importance of separatism in America and the national and international effects of this phenomenon, this article has determined its research goal to investigate the origins and consequences of separatism in America. In order to achieve this goal, the data collected using library resources have been examined and analyzed using the descriptive-analytical method. The results of the article show that inequality, discrimination, harassment, feeling of deprivation and exploitation of resources are the biggest drivers of separatist movements in America. Although the existing trends and conditions show that the separation of a state from the Union is far from reach, but in the case of the separation of important states such as California or Texas or the division of the United States into several countries, important challenges and issues such as how to determine the fate of strategic military bases, equipment and weapons Like nuclear weapons, the end of America's superpower and the fundamental change of the international order will emerge.https://ps.ihu.ac.ir/article_208997_74973929d885a3f8c7d845cc753330ea.pdfImam Hussein UniversitySecurity Horizons2538-1857176220240420Analysis of the concept and pattern of power in virtual space; Studying the formation of social movementsAnalysis of the concept and pattern of power in virtual space; Studying the formation of social movements169204208998FASeyyede Hanieh MomeniDepartment of Political Science, Qom Branch, Azad University. Qom, IranMaghsood Ranjbar KhachakDepartment of Political Science, Qom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qom, IranGholamreza KhajesarviDepartment of Law and Political Science, Allameh Tabatabai University, Tehran, IranJournal Article20230704The nature of power and how it is formed in the context of new structures of information production, processing and transmission (including in the context of social networks) is different from the real space, which means that the space of social networks has created a new system of social activism for people. which can ultimately lead to the formation of new poles of power. The current research was conducted with the aim of answering these questions: Has the nature of power in social networks changed? How is the process of power formation in social networks? In response to this question, the formation of social movements under the influence of virtual space was also investigated.<br />The findings of this research show that by accepting the conventional definitions of power, its formation in the network space in a cascade framework and based on the hierarchical levels of actors, from the owners of the Internet infrastructure, to the owners of the platforms and in the next stage to the users (respectively Influence includes: celebrities, influencers, bloggers, official media and finally general users). Also, in the process of forming network power, ownership or the possibility of controlling social networking platforms plays a very important role.The nature of power and how it is formed in the context of new structures of information production, processing and transmission (including in the context of social networks) is different from the real space, which means that the space of social networks has created a new system of social activism for people. which can ultimately lead to the formation of new poles of power. The current research was conducted with the aim of answering these questions: Has the nature of power in social networks changed? How is the process of power formation in social networks? In response to this question, the formation of social movements under the influence of virtual space was also investigated.<br />The findings of this research show that by accepting the conventional definitions of power, its formation in the network space in a cascade framework and based on the hierarchical levels of actors, from the owners of the Internet infrastructure, to the owners of the platforms and in the next stage to the users (respectively Influence includes: celebrities, influencers, bloggers, official media and finally general users). Also, in the process of forming network power, ownership or the possibility of controlling social networking platforms plays a very important role.https://ps.ihu.ac.ir/article_208998_968185c458e7a1abcd03355847898d6b.pdfImam Hussein UniversitySecurity Horizons2538-1857176220240420Investigation of soft threats against the I.R.I. Emphasizing the new alcove of America's psychological operations against Iran's nuclear programInvestigation of soft threats against the I.R.I. Emphasizing the new alcove of America's psychological operations against Iran's nuclear program205225208999FAHamid SoltanianPhD student, Iranian issues, Islamic Azad University, Shahreza branch, Isfahan, IranAlireza GolshaniAssociate Professor, Political Science Department, Islamic Azad University, Shahreza Branch, Isfahan, IranEbrahim MottaghiProfessor, Department of Law and Political Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.Journal Article20230711The use of psychological operations as a part of soft threats in the field of exercising power is a complex, multifaceted issue and is influenced by strategic security considerations in the field of international relations, which has been used by great powers, especially the United States of America. Soft threats have expanded with the beginning of the Islamic revolution, imposed war, and the nuclear issue, and are based on the use of psychological operations to increase effectiveness rather than being based on current realities. This research aims to know the new strategy or pattern of American psychological operations against Iran's nuclear program, relying on library data, media news, and using the Kiothert method. Therefore, the main question of this article is: What is the pattern of America's psychological operations regarding the nuclear agreement and what mechanisms does it use regarding nuclear negotiations? In order to answer this question, while examining the history of the issue, the hypothesis of the article has been developed in such a way that the pattern of American psychological operations regarding Iran's nuclear program since the resumption of nuclear negotiations and after that has been a deceptive threat. The findings of the article indicate that although the JCPOA could be a turning point in international relations, the psychological activity of American soft war institutions using executive mechanisms has played a large role in accusing Iran and neutralizing nuclear negotiations as soft threats.The use of psychological operations as a part of soft threats in the field of exercising power is a complex, multifaceted issue and is influenced by strategic security considerations in the field of international relations, which has been used by great powers, especially the United States of America. Soft threats have expanded with the beginning of the Islamic revolution, imposed war, and the nuclear issue, and are based on the use of psychological operations to increase effectiveness rather than being based on current realities. This research aims to know the new strategy or pattern of American psychological operations against Iran's nuclear program, relying on library data, media news, and using the Kiothert method. Therefore, the main question of this article is: What is the pattern of America's psychological operations regarding the nuclear agreement and what mechanisms does it use regarding nuclear negotiations? In order to answer this question, while examining the history of the issue, the hypothesis of the article has been developed in such a way that the pattern of American psychological operations regarding Iran's nuclear program since the resumption of nuclear negotiations and after that has been a deceptive threat. The findings of the article indicate that although the JCPOA could be a turning point in international relations, the psychological activity of American soft war institutions using executive mechanisms has played a large role in accusing Iran and neutralizing nuclear negotiations as soft threats.https://ps.ihu.ac.ir/article_208999_e811aab2dc2df4f438e6237f0d49129d.pdfImam Hussein UniversitySecurity Horizons2538-1857176220240420Strategic Analysis of NPLs’ Consequences on the Economic Security of the Islamic Republic of IranStrategic Analysis of NPLs’ Consequences on the Economic Security of the Islamic Republic of Iran227258209000FASeyed Abolhassan BatooliMSc of Political Sciences, Dafoos, and Ph.D. Student, Higher National Defense University, Tehran, IranGholamhossein BiabaniAssociate Professor, Department of Crime Detection, Comprehensive University of Police Sciences, Tehran, IranMohammad Jandaghi GhomiFaculty of Management and Accounting, College of Farabi, University of Tehran, Qom, Iran.0000-0003-4486-2780Journal Article20230918In recent years, non-performing loans (NPLs) have brought economic, social, and security crises in the Islamic Republic of Iran. This research provides an ABC strategic analysis of the NPLs’ consequences on Iran’s economic security. This research has a qualitative content analysis method and its data is triangulated from the supreme leadership, the forces of the government, and Iranian pundits for the period from 1961 to 2023. The findings show that at the first level, the NPLs by destroying the economic strategies of the government, deeply penetrate the economic pressure into the country's social system and lead to the destruction of social structures and values. With the loss of the social base of the government, the ground is prepared for the threat of the political system, and its final result is the destruction of the legitimacy of the government and the collapse of the country's national and international security. The results show that the most destructive consequences of the NPLs come from economic indiscipline and monetary mismanagement of the government, this level of consequences has secondary consequences on the social welfare and capital that are more difficult to control. The consequences of the third level, which themselves originate from the second level, impose the most extensive and uncontrollable consequences on the legitimacy of the country's sovereignty, national security, and international authority. Therefore, reforming and rationalizing the economic policies of the government is the most fundamental act to protect the country's economic security from the consequences of the NPLs.In recent years, non-performing loans (NPLs) have brought economic, social, and security crises in the Islamic Republic of Iran. This research provides an ABC strategic analysis of the NPLs’ consequences on Iran’s economic security. This research has a qualitative content analysis method and its data is triangulated from the supreme leadership, the forces of the government, and Iranian pundits for the period from 1961 to 2023. The findings show that at the first level, the NPLs by destroying the economic strategies of the government, deeply penetrate the economic pressure into the country's social system and lead to the destruction of social structures and values. With the loss of the social base of the government, the ground is prepared for the threat of the political system, and its final result is the destruction of the legitimacy of the government and the collapse of the country's national and international security. The results show that the most destructive consequences of the NPLs come from economic indiscipline and monetary mismanagement of the government, this level of consequences has secondary consequences on the social welfare and capital that are more difficult to control. The consequences of the third level, which themselves originate from the second level, impose the most extensive and uncontrollable consequences on the legitimacy of the country's sovereignty, national security, and international authority. Therefore, reforming and rationalizing the economic policies of the government is the most fundamental act to protect the country's economic security from the consequences of the NPLs.https://ps.ihu.ac.ir/article_209000_83953cb3694665290e070d199f5c7fc4.pdf